Exploration of the Relationship between Adipocytokines, Tradition Risk Markers, Nontraditional Risk Markers and Anthropometric Measurements in T2DM Patients

Obesity is commonly associated with type 2 diabetes and vascular disease. Changes in body composition in the obese state lead to a dysregulation of secretion of adipocyte-secreted hormones known as adipokines. The current study aimed to assess the relative physiological correlation of adipocytokines with immunity in urban Saudi patients. The serum adipocytokine (leptin, adiponectin, resistin, visfatin and apelin), metabolic parameters (insulin, fasting glucose, HbA1c % (Glycated Hemoglobin) immunological indices (IgG, IgA, IgM and IgE) and complement factors (C3, C4) in different metabolic disorders states such as obesity and T2DM (Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus) were determined. A total 100 adult male subjects were enrolled including 30 healthy that served as a control, 25 Glucophage treated T2DM, 22 overweight (Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥ 25 29.99) and 23 obese (BMI ≥ 30) patients. The current results showed that serum adipocytokines status has altered in obesity and treated T2DM compared to healthy individuals. In addition to HbA1c %, serum visfatin was also the prominent biomarker adipokine in treated T2DM while leptin was the highest in obese (BMI ≥ 30). These metabolic disorders did not affect serum levels of the assessed immunity indices. Current knowledge suggests that adipokines provide potential therapeutic targets against type 2 diabetes and vascular disease. This study provides a strong association between adipocytokine and IR (Insulin Resistance). With the increasing epidemic of obesity and T2DM in Saudi Arabia, these adipocytokine markers that integrate metabolic and inflammatory signals may play important roles in the treatment and prevention of obesity and diabetes as well as planning of therapeutic strategies and the early detection of diabetes.